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Monday, February 1, 2016
San Francisco officials consider giving condoms to middle schoolers
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/san-francisco-officials-consider-giving-condoms-to-middle-schoolers/
At epicenter of Zika virus, anguished parents seek answers
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/at-epicenter-of-zika-virus-anguished-parents-in-brazil-seek-answers/
7 Tips for Exercising With a GI Disorder
Gastrointestinal disorders can ruin your plan for a workout. WebMD explains which conditions are the problem and gives tips to help you exercise symptom-free.
From: http://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/features/exercising-when-you-have-a-gi-disorder?src=RSS_PUBLIC
Mayo Clinic Minute: Heartburn Treatment Options
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Leewv4KNr9k
Why Our Feedback May be Ineffective - Regression to the Mean
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HL_DHPYjKU
What you need to know about Zika virus
Follow me at @JohnRossMD
Last week, the government of El Salvador gave what might be the strangest public health advice of all time: don’t get pregnant for the next two years. Officials in Colombia, Ecuador, and Jamaica have also warned women to avoid pregnancy, although only for the next several months.
The reason for these unusual recommendations? An outbreak of Zika virus, currently raging in 21 countries in the Americas and the Caribbean, as well as the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Samoa, and Cape Verde.
Until recently, Zika was an obscure virus, confined to equatorial Africa and Asia, and known only to specialists in tropical medicine. It was discovered in 1947, when scientists studying yellow fever in the Zika Forest of Uganda stumbled on a previously unknown virus in a feverish rhesus monkey. In 1958, it was shown that Zika is primarily spread by the bite of the Aedes mosquito. (Zika can also be sexually transmitted.)
The current Zika pandemic began in 2007, when the virus mysteriously appeared in Yap, a remote island in the Pacific Ocean. By 2013, Zika had spread to French Polynesia, an archipelago 5,000 miles away. Over the following year, it spread throughout much of Polynesia, including Easter Island. In early 2015, doctors identified Zika as the cause of an outbreak in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Zika might have arrived in Brazil during the 2014 World Cup, or during the 2014 world championships of Polynesian outrigger canoe racing, which took place in Rio de Janeiro. By now, as many as 1.5 million Brazilians have been infected with Zika.
To date, no new cases of Zika virus have occurred in the United States (although cases have occurred in travelers returning from countries where Zika is endemic). However, according to the World Health Organization, Zika virus is likely to spread to every country in the Americas, except Canada and Chile, which lack Aedes mosquitoes.
Human infection with Zika virus
The vast majority of people with Zika virus are not very sick. In fact, most have no symptoms at all. In the outbreak on Yap, 77% of those with antibodies against Zika in their blood samples (indicating infection with the virus) were never ill.
In those who do get symptoms, the most common finding is an itchy red rash. Fever, headache, joint and muscle pains, and inflamed eyes are also frequent. People typically recover in 2 to 7 days, and death is rare.
If infection with Zika virus is usually mild, why all the fuss? Unfortunately, the virus has two uncommon but severe complications that make it a menace to public health. The Zika outbreak in French Polynesia was associated with a twenty-fold increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome. This is an autoimmune disease, often triggered by infections, in which the immune system attacks the myelin lining of nerve cells, resulting in widespread weakness and paralysis. Weakness and paralysis spread from the legs upward. Two-thirds of patients lose the ability to walk, and 25% need to be put on a mechanical ventilator because of weakness of the respiratory muscles. Although most people make a partial or full recovery, 20% are still unable to walk at 6 months after diagnosis.
The other condition linked to Zika virus is microcephaly, a birth defect in which a developing baby’s brain fails to grow to its usual size. Almost 4,000 Brazilian infants with microcephaly have been born since the start of the Zika epidemic, which is about 20 times the expected number. In Paraiba, one of the areas hardest hit by Zika, officials reported microcephaly in one out of every 100 newborns, a rate which is 100 times higher than usual. Hearing and vision problems have also been reported in newborns exposed to Zika in the womb.
Protecting yourself against Zika and other mosquito-borne viruses
Zika infection is not harmful in the overwhelming majority of people. Although the association with Guillain-Barré syndrome is troubling, this is still a rare complication. Epidemics of Zika virus seem to increase the rate of Guillain-Barré syndrome from one out of 100,000 people per year to one out of 5,000 people per year.
As there is currently no vaccine or treatment for Zika, the Centers for Disease Control recommend that pregnant women consider postponing travel to countries where active Zika transmission is ongoing (updated travel advisories may be found here).
Pregnant women going to countries with Zika activity are recommended to protect themselves against mosquito bites by
- wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants
- staying in lodgings with screened-in windows and air conditioning
- consider using an insecticide-treated mosquito net when napping, as Aedes mosquitoes often bite in the daytime
- using permethrin-treated clothing and gear (permethrin is probably safe in pregnancy, although data on first-trimester exposure are scanty)
- using EPA–registered insect repellents; according to the CDC, insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, and IR3535 are safe for pregnant women when used as directed
- using protection against mosquitoes throughout the day, and both outdoors and indoors, as Aedes mosquitoes are often found inside.
Although there is currently no Zika transmission in the United States, this may change with the arrival of summer. An American Zika outbreak would likely be on a much smaller scale than the one in Brazil. Greater access to window screens, air conditioners, and insecticide spraying in the United States would probably limit human contact with Aedes mosquitoes.
If there is local transmission of Zika (or dengue or chikungunya, which are also spread by Aedes mosquitoes), in addition to the measures listed above, you should take the following steps to control mosquitoes:
- Get rid of rain barrels, bird baths, tires, tins, and other sources of standing water. Mosquitoes like to breed in stagnant water.
- Dump out any water that collects in your garbage cans, and turn pails upside down so they don’t collect water.
- Inside your home, change water in flower vases every other day, and dump out excess water from flower pot plates. Aedes mosquitoes will breed in your house, if given the chance.
- Don’t buy a bug zapper. Studies have shown that these do not reduce mosquito bites, and may actually increase mosquito populations by killing off beneficial insects that prey on mosquitoes. And don’t bother with an ultrasound device, as they don’t work either.
Related Post:
The post What you need to know about Zika virus appeared first on Harvard Health Blog.
From: John Ross, MD, FIDSA http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/what-you-need-to-know-about-zika-virus-201602019114
How much exercise does your heart really need?
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-much-exercise-does-your-heart-really-need/
UK approves controversial human gene editing technique
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/uk-approves-human-gene-editing-technique/
Emergency Declared Over Birth Defects Tied to Zika
The World Health Organization took the unusual step on Monday of declaring an international public health emergency in response to reports of clusters of brain damage in infants linked to the rapidly spreading Zika virus. WebMD has the details.
From: http://www.webmd.com/news/20160201/zika-microcephaly-emergency?src=RSS_PUBLIC
Weight Loss Starting at Midlife and Dementia Risk
Researchers find connection, but can't say losing pounds plays a causal role
From: http://www.webmd.com/diet/20160201/weight-loss-starting-at-midlife-tied-to-later-dementia-risk-in-study?src=RSS_PUBLIC
Long-Term Pot Use May Make Word Recall Tougher
Study found marijuana linked to slight drop in ability to memorize list of 15 words
From: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/news/20160201/long-term-pot-use-may-make-word-recall-tougher-in-middle-age?src=RSS_PUBLIC
WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee on Zika
In assessing the level of threat, the 18 experts and advisers looked in particular at the strong association, in time and place, between infection with the Zika virus and a rise in detected cases of congenital malformations and neurological complications.
From: http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika-microcephaly/en/index.html
Zika virus declared a global health emergency
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/zika-virus-declared-a-global-health-emergency/
Mom hears son's heart beat inside 4-year-old girl's chest
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mother-hears-sons-heart-beat-inside-4-year-old-girls-chest-for-first-time/
Obama's cancer-fighting initiative to cost $1 billion
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/obamas-cancer-fighting-initiative-to-cost-1-billion/
Are Fecal Transplants Effective in Children with IBD? – IBD in the News
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbiH0dlT1E4
Mayo expert on Zika virus, emerging disease
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap_vONpsuSo
Could C-Section Babies Benefit From This?
Small study suggests it's possible to partially restore good bacteria to cesarean infants
From: http://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20160201/could-c-section-baby-benefit-from-moms-vaginal-fluids?src=RSS_PUBLIC
Dietary Isomers of Sialyllactose Increase Ganglioside Sialic Acid Concentrations in the Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum and Modulate the Colonic Microbiota of Formula-Fed Piglets [Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions]
Background: Sialyllactose is a key human milk oligosaccharide and consists of sialic acid (SA) bound to a lactose molecule. Breastfed infants have increased accumulation of ganglioside-bound SA compared with formula-fed infants.
Objective: This study aimed to determine whether different isomers of sialyllactose enrich brain SA and modulate the microbiome of developing neonatal piglets.
Methods: Day-old pigs were randomly allocated to 6 diets (control, 2 or 4 g 3'-sialyllactose/L, 2 or 4 g 6'-sialyllactose/L, or 2 g polydextrose/L + 2 g galacto-oligosaccharides/L; n = 9) and fed 3 times/d for 21 d. Pigs were killed, and the left hemisphere of the brain was dissected into cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus callosum, and hippocampus regions. SA was determined by using a modified periodic acid–resorcinol reaction. Microbial composition of the intestinal digesta was analyzed with the use of 16S ribosomal DNA Illumina sequencing.
Results: Dietary sialyllactose did not affect feed intake, growth, or fecal consistency. Ganglioside-bound SA in the corpus callosum of pigs fed 2 g 3'-sialyllactose or 6'-sialyllactose/L increased by 15% in comparison with control pigs. Similarly, ganglioside-bound SA in the cerebellum of pigs fed 4 g 3'-sialyllactose/L increased by 10% in comparison with control pigs. Significant (P < 0.05, Adonis Test) microbiome differences were observed in the proximal and distal colons of piglets fed control compared with 4-g 6'-sialyllactose/L formulas. Differences were attributed to an increase in bacterial taxa belonging to species Collinsella aerofaciens (phylum Actinobacteria), genera Ruminococcus and Faecalibacterium (phylum Firmicutes), and genus Prevotella (phylum Bacteroidetes) (Wald test, P < 0.05, DeSeq2) compared with piglets fed the control diet. Taxa belonging to families Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae (phylum Proteobacteria), as well as taxa belonging to family Lachnospiraceae and order Lactobacillales (phylum Firmicutes), were 2.3- and 4-fold lower, respectively, in 6'-sialyllactose–fed piglets than in controls.
Conclusions: Supplementation of formula with 3'- or 6'-sialyllactose can enrich ganglioside SA in the brain and modulate gut-associated microbiota in neonatal pigs. We propose 2 potential routes by which sialyllactose may positively affect the neonate: serving as a source of SA for neurologic development and promoting beneficial microbiota.
From: Jacobi, S. K., Yatsunenko, T., Li, D., Dasgupta, S., Yu, R. K., Berg, B. M., Chichlowski, M., Odle, J. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/short/146/2/200?rss=1
Altered Appetite-Mediating Hormone Concentrations Precede Compensatory Overeating After Severe, Short-Term Energy Deprivation in Healthy Adults [Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions]
Background: Adaptive responses of appetite-mediating hormones to negative energy balance are thought to contribute to a counterregulatory response that drives weight regain, but they have not been studied while controlling for reduced diet volume.
Objective: In this secondary analysis, we aimed to determine the effects of short-term, severe energy deprivation (ED) on appetite and appetite-mediating hormone concentrations.
Methods: Twenty-one adults with a mean ± SD age of 21 ± 3 y and body mass index of 25 ± 3 kg/m2 consumed isovolumetric diets provided over separate 48-h periods while increasing habitual energy expenditure by 1683 ± 329 kcal/d through light- and moderate-intensity exercise. Energy intake was matched to energy expenditure to maintain energy balance (EB) (–44 ± 92 kcal/d) or was <10% of energy expenditure to generate a –3696 ± 742-kcal/d energy deficit. Postprandial appetite, glucose, insulin, acyl ghrelin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses and ad libitum energy intake were measured as secondary outcomes after both experimental periods.
Results: Fasting insulin (–56% ± 42%) and acyl ghrelin (–60% ± 17%) concentrations decreased during ED but not during EB (condition-by-time interaction; P-interaction ≤ 0.01), whereas fasting leptin concentrations decreased more during ED compared with during EB (–47% ± 27% compared with –20% ± 27%; P-interaction = 0.05). Postprandial insulin (57% ± 63%; P < 0.001), GLP-1 (14% ± 28%; P = 0.04), and PP (54% ± 52%; P < 0.001) areas under the curve (AUCs) were higher, whereas the acyl ghrelin AUC was lower (–56% ± 13%; P < 0.001) after ED compared with after EB. After ED, self-rated appetite was greater, and ad libitum energy intake was 811 kcal/36 h (95% CI: 184, 1439 kcal/36 h) higher relative to after EB (P = 0.01).
Conclusions: Short-term, severe ED suppressed acyl ghrelin concentrations and increased postprandial anorexigenic hormone concentrations. These effects preceded compensatory overeating, suggesting that in adults without obesity, altered sensitivity to appetite-mediating hormones may contribute to an adaptive counterregulatory response during the initial stages of negative EB. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01603550.
From: OConnor, K. L., Scisco, J. L., Smith, T. J., Young, A. J., Montain, S. J., Price, L. L., Lieberman, H. R., Karl, J. P. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/short/146/2/209?rss=1
A Transgenic Camelina sativa Seed Oil Effectively Replaces Fish Oil as a Dietary Source of Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Mice [Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions]
Background: Fish currently supplies only 40% of the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) required to allow all individuals globally to meet the minimum intake recommendation of 500 mg/d. Therefore, alternative sustainable sources are needed.
Objective: The main objective was to investigate the ability of genetically engineered Camelina sativa (20% EPA) oil (CO) to enrich tissue EPA and DHA relative to an EPA-rich fish oil (FO) in mammals.
Methods: Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 10 wk either a palm oil–containing control (C) diet or diets supplemented with EPA-CO or FO, with the C, low-EPA CO (COL), high-EPA CO (COH), low-EPA FO (FOL), and high-EPA FO (FOH) diets providing 0, 0.4, 3.4, 0.3, and 2.9 g EPA/kg diet, respectively. Liver, muscle, and brain were collected for fatty acid analysis, and blood glucose and serum lipids were quantified. The expression of selected hepatic genes involved in EPA and DHA biosynthesis and in modulating their cellular impact was determined.
Results: The oils were well tolerated, with significantly greater weight gain in the COH and FOH groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001). Significantly lower (36–38%) blood glucose concentrations were evident in the FOH and COH mice relative to C mice (P < 0.01). Hepatic EPA concentrations were higher in all EPA groups relative to the C group (P < 0.001), with concentrations of 0.0, 0.4, 2.9, 0.2, and 3.6 g/100 g liver total lipids in the C, COL, COH, FOL, and FOH groups, respectively. Comparable dose-independent enrichments of liver DHA were observed in mice fed CO and FO diets (P < 0.001). Relative to the C group, lower fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1) expression (P < 0.005) was observed in the COH and FOH groups. Higher fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2), peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (Ppara), and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (Pparg) (P < 0.005) expressions were induced by CO. No impact of treatment on liver X receptor α (Lxra) or sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c) was evident.
Conclusions: Oil from transgenic Camelina is a bioavailable source of EPA in mice. These data provide support for the future assessment of this oil in a human feeding trial.
From: Tejera, N., Vauzour, D., Betancor, M. B., Sayanova, O., Usher, S., Cochard, M., Rigby, N., Ruiz-Lopez, N., Menoyo, D., Tocher, D. R., Napier, J. A., Minihane, A. M. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/short/146/2/227?rss=1
Energy and Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Protein and Amino Acid Kinetics or Pregnancy Outcomes in Underweight Indian Women [Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions]
Background: In India, the prevalence of low birth weight is high in women with a low body mass index (BMI), suggesting that underweight women are not capable of providing adequate energy and protein for fetal growth. Furthermore, as pregnancy progresses, there is increased need to provide methyl groups for methylation reactions associated with the synthesis of new proteins and, unlike normal-BMI American women, low-BMI Indian women are unable to increase methionine transmethylation and remethylation rates as pregnancy progresses from trimester 1 to 3. This also negatively influences birth weight.
Objective: The aim was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with energy and protein from 12 ± 1 wk of gestation to time of delivery compared with no supplement on pregnancy outcomes, protein kinetics, and the fluxes of the methyl group donors serine and glycine.
Methods: Protein kinetics and serine and glycine fluxes were measured by using standard stable isotope tracer methods in the fasting and postprandial states in 24 pregnant women aged 22.9 ± 0.7 y with low BMIs [BMI (in kg/m2) ≤18.5] at 12 ± 1 wk (trimester 1) and 30 ± 1 wk (trimester 3) of gestation. After the first measurement, subjects were randomly assigned to either receive the supplement (300 kcal/d, 15 g protein/d) or no supplement.
Results: Supplementation had no significant effect on any variable of pregnancy outcome, and except for fasting state decreases in leucine flux (125 ± 7.14 compared with 113 ± 5.06 μmol ⋅ kg–1 ⋅ h–1; P = 0.04) and nonoxidative disposal (110 ± 6.97 compared with 101 ± 3.69 μmol ⋅ kg–1 ⋅ h–1; P = 0.02) from trimesters 1 to 3, it had no effect on any other leucine kinetic variable or urea, glycine, and serine fluxes.
Conclusion: We conclude that in Indian women with a low BMI, supplementation with energy and protein from week 12 of pregnancy to time of delivery does not improve pregnancy outcome, whole-body protein kinetics, or serine and glycine fluxes.
From: Dwarkanath, P., Hsu, J. W., Tang, G. J., Anand, P., Thomas, T., Thomas, A., Sheela, C., Kurpad, A. V., Jahoor, F. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/short/146/2/218?rss=1
More Fiber May Mean Lower Breast Cancer Risk Later
Start eating vegetables, fruits, beans and whole grains early in life, experts say
From: http://teens.webmd.com/girls/news/20160201/girls-who-eat-more-fiber-may-face-lower-breast-cancer-risk-later-study?src=RSS_PUBLIC
U.S. Forest Service Releases Findings on the Effects of Drought for Forests and Rangelands
From: http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2016/02/0029.xml&contentidonly=true
Camera flash helps mom spot cancer in baby's eye
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/camera-flash-helps-mom-spot-cancer-in-babys-eye/
More Fiber May Mean Lower Breast Cancer Risk Later
Start eating vegetables, fruits, beans and whole grains early in life, experts say
From: http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20160201/girls-who-eat-more-fiber-may-face-lower-breast-cancer-risk-later-study?src=RSS_PUBLIC
A Last-Minute Reprieve For Some Consumers On California Exchange
Covered California, the state’s insurance exchange, announced Friday that it was extending its enrollment deadline until Feb. 6 for people who had officially begun the process of signing up by Sunday. Exchange officials said they extended the Sunday deadline to accommodate a surge in enrollment in the previous week involving “tens of thousands” of consumers. […]
From: http://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/20160201/a-last-minute-reprieve-for-some-consumers-on-california-exchange?src=RSS_PUBLIC
Virginia college student gets Zika virus
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/virginia-college-student-gets-zika-virus/
Brazil struggles to contain surging Zika virus outbreak
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/zika-virus-outbreak-brazil-epicenter-world-health-organization-geneva-public-health-emergency/
Robert and Monica Jacoby Center for Breast Health - Mayo Clinic
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSVyFFTl1no
Aerobic Exercise Benefits Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQetFx0Zqj0
Mayo Clinic Minute: Benefits of Coloring
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXh2C2L3wKw
Jacoby Center for Breast Health Opens in Florida
From: Mayo Clinic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ_64E7_tz0
WHO: Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan briefs Executive Board on Zika situation 28JAN2016
From: World Health Organization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMKUPh0ZCKQ
Films showing smoking scenes should be rated to protect children from tobacco addiction
Movies showing use of tobacco products have enticed millions of young people worldwide to start smoking, according to the new WHO "Smoke-free movies: from evidence to action", the third edition since its launch in 2009.
From: http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/protect-children-from-tobacco/en/index.html
Teen eating habits may help cut breast cancer risk
From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-fiber-diet-may-lower-breast-cancer-risk/