05/04/17

Thursday, May 4, 2017

Resveratrol Might Help Diabetics' Arteries

Resveratrol supplements appeared to aid those with the stiffest blood vessels in small study

From: http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/news/20170504/red-wine-antioxidant-might-help-diabetics-arteries?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Senate Republicans signal they'll change House health care bill

The next stop for the GOP health care plan to replace the ACA is the Senate. The House on Thursday passed the bill

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-health-care-bill-gop-senators-signal-theyll-make-changes/

Bystander CPR Saves Lives And Lessens Disability

Good Samaritans can help prevent brain damage, nursing home care for cardiac arrest victims

From: http://www.webmd.com/first-aid/news/20170504/bystander-cpr-not-only-saves-lives-it-lessens-disability-study?src=RSS_PUBLIC

House OKs Republican Health Care Bill

GOP says its plan would save flawed health reform law; critics counter the fix would hurt vulnerable Americans

From: http://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/news/20170504/house-readies-for-obamacare-showdown?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Artificial Hand 'Sees' Objects

Camera allows amputees to reach automatically for objects, as a real hand would, study finds

From: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20170504/artificial-hand-sees-objects?src=RSS_PUBLIC

What is a pre-existing condition?

One of the most contentious issues in the GOP health care bill is the coverage of pre-existing conditions -- here's what to know about them

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-a-pre-existing-condition/

MicroRNA-29a mediates the impairment of intestinal epithelial integrity induced by intrauterine growth restriction in pig

An important characteristic of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) neonate is the impaired intestinal barrier function. With the use of a pig model, this study was conducted to identify the responsible microRNA (miRNA) for the intestinal damage in IUGR neonates through comparing the miRNA profile of IUGR and normal porcine neonates and to investigate the regulation mechanism. Compared with the normal ones, we identified 83 upregulated and 76 downregulated miRNAs in the jejunum of IUGR pigs. Notably, IUGR is associated with profoundly increasesd miR-29 family and decreased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) and tight junction (TJ) proteins in the jejunum. Furthermore, in vitro study using theporcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-1) showed that inhibition of miR-29a expression could improve the monolayer integrity by increasing cell proliferation and transepithelial resistance. Also, overexpression/inhibition of miR-29a in IPEC-1 cells can suppress/increase the expression of integrin-β1, collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, and claudin 1, both at transcriptional and translational levels. Subsequent luciferase reporter assay confirmed a direct interaction between miR-29a and the 3'-untranslated regions of these genes. In conclusion, this study reveals that IUGR-impaired intestinal barrier function is associated with downregulated ECM and TJ protein expression mediated by the upregulation of miR-29a.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) remains a major problem for both human health and animal production due to its association with high rates of preweaning morbidity and mortality. We have identified the abnormal expression of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in the small intestine of IUGR neonates, as well as its targets and mechanisms. These results provide new information about biological characteristics of IUGR-affected intestinal dysfunction and can lead to the development of potentially solution for preventing and treating IUGR in the future.

From: Zhu, Y., Wang, W., Yuan, T., Fu, L., Zhou, L., Lin, G., Zhao, S., Zhou, H., Wu, G., Wang, J. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G434?rss=1

Central inhibition of initiation of swallowing by systemic administration of diazepam and baclofen in anaesthetized rats

Dysphagia is caused not only by neurological and/or structural damage but also by medication. We hypothesized memantine, dextromethorphan, diazepam, and baclofen, all commonly used drugs with central sites of action, may regulate swallowing function. Swallows were evoked by upper airway (UA)/pharyngeal distension, punctate mechanical stimulation using a von Frey filament, capsaicin or distilled water (DW) applied topically to the vocal folds, and electrical stimulation of a superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in anesthetized rats and were documented by recording electromyographic activation of the suprahyoid and thyrohyoid muscles and by visualizing laryngeal elevation. The effects of intraperitoneal or topical administration of each drug on swallowing function were studied. Systemic administration of diazepam and baclofen, but not memantine or dextromethorphan, inhibited swallowing evoked by mechanical, chemical, and electrical stimulation. Both benzodiazepines and GABA_A receptor antagonists diminished the inhibitory effects of diazepam, whereas a GABA_B receptor antagonist diminished the effects of baclofen. Topically applied diazepam or baclofen had no effect on swallowing. These data indicate that diazepam and baclofen act centrally to inhibit swallowing in anesthetized rats.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Systemic administration of diazepam and baclofen, but not memantine or dextromethorphan, inhibited swallowing evoked by mechanical, chemical, and electrical stimulation. Both benzodiazepines and GABA_A receptor antagonists diminished the inhibitory effects of diazepam, whereas a GABA_B receptor antagonist diminished the effects of baclofen. Topical applied diazepam or baclofen was without effect on swallowing. Diazepam and baclofen act centrally to inhibit swallowing in anesthetized rats.

From: Tsujimura, T., Sakai, S., Suzuki, T., Ujihara, I., Tsuji, K., Magara, J., Canning, B. J., Inoue, M. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G498?rss=1

Dicer-dependent production of microRNA221 in hepatocytes inhibits p27 and is required for liver regeneration in mice

Dicer processes microRNAs (miRs) into active forms in a wide variety of tissues, including the liver. To determine the role of Dicer in liver regeneration, we performed a series of in vivo and in vitro studies in a murine 2/3 hepatectomy model. Dicer was downregulated after 2/3 hepatectomy, and loss of Dicer inhibited liver regeneration associated with decreased cyclin A2 and miR-221, as well as increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27. In vitro, miR-221 inhibited p27 production in primary hepatocytes and increased hepatocyte proliferation. Specific reconstitution of miR-221 in hepatocyte-specific Dicer-null mice inhibited p27 and restored liver regeneration. In wild type mice, targeted inhibition of miR-221 using a cholesterol-conjugated miR-221 inhibited hepatocyte proliferation after 2/3 hepatectomy. These results identify Dicer production of miR-221 as an essential component of a miRNA-dependent mechanism for suppression of p27 that controls the rate of hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings demonstrate a direct role for microRNAs in controlling the rate of liver regeneration after injury. By deleting Dicer, an enzyme responsible for processing microRNAs into mature forms, we determined miR-221 is a critical microRNA in the physiological process of restoration of liver mass after injury. miR-221 suppresses p27, releasing its inhibitory effects on hepatocyte proliferation. Pharmaceuticals based on miR-221 may be useful to modulate hepatocyte proliferation in the setting of liver injury.

From: Oya, Y., Masuzaki, R., Tsugawa, D., Ray, K. C., Dou, Y., Karp, S. J. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G464?rss=1

Role of SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase in SERT inhibition by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), one of the diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes, is among the most important food-borne pathogens infecting children worldwide. Inhibition of serotonin transporter (SERT), which regulates extracellular availability of serotonin (5-HT), has been implicated previously in EPEC-associated diarrhea. EPEC was shown to inhibit SERT via activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), albeit the specific PTPase involved is not known. Current studies aimed to identify EPEC-activated PTPase and its role in SERT inhibition. Infection of Caco-2 monolayers with EPEC strain E2348/69 for 30 min increased the activity of Src-homology-2 domain containing PTPase (SHP2) but not SHP1 or PTPase 1B. Similarly, Western blot studies showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of (p-tyrosine) SHP2, indicative of its activation. Concomitantly, EPEC infection decreased SERT p-tyrosine levels. This was associated with increased interaction of SHP2 with SERT, as evidenced by coimmunoprecipitation studies. To examine whether SHP2 directly influences SERT phosphorylation status or function, SHP2 cDNA plasmid constructs (wild type, constitutively active, or dominant negative) were overexpressed in Caco-2 cells by Amaxa electroporation. In the cells overexpressing constitutively active SHP2, SERT polypeptide showed complete loss of p-tyrosine. In addition, there was a decrease in SERT function, as measured by Na⁺Cl^–-sensitive [³H]5-HT uptake, and an increase in association of SERT with SHP2 in Caco-2 cells expressing constitutively active SHP2 compared with dominant-negative SHP2. Our data demonstrate that intestinal SERT is a target of SHP2 and reveal a novel mechanism by which a common food-borne pathogen uses cellular SHP2 to inhibit SERT.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The data presented in the current study reveal that intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) is a target of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and show a novel mechanism by which a common diarrheagenic pathogen, EPEC, activates cellular SHP2 to inhibit SERT function. These studies highlight host-pathogen interactions, which may be of therapeutic relevance in the management of diarrhea associated with enteric infections.

From: Singhal, M., Manzella, C., Soni, V., Alrefai, W. A., Saksena, S., Hecht, G. A., Dudeja, P. K., Gill, R. K. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G443?rss=1

Hydrogen sulfide improves intestinal recovery following ischemia by endothelial nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that has vasodilatory properties. It may be a novel therapy for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that 1) H₂S would improve postischemic survival, mesenteric perfusion, mucosal injury, and inflammation compared with vehicle and 2) the benefits of H₂S would be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide. C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice were anesthetized, and a midline laparotomy was performed. Intestines were eviscerated, the small bowel mesenteric root identified, and baseline intestinal perfusion was determined using laser Doppler. Intestinal ischemia was established by temporarily occluding the superior mesenteric artery. Following ischemia, the clamp was removed, and the intestines were allowed to recover. Either sodium hydrosulfide (2 nmol/kg or 2 µmol/kg NaHS) in PBS vehicle or vehicle only was injected into the peritoneum. Animals were allowed to recover and were assessed for mesenteric perfusion, mucosal injury, and intestinal cytokines. P values < 0.05 were significant. H₂S improved mesenteric perfusion and mucosal injury scores following I/R injury. However, in the setting of eNOS ablation, there was no improvement in these parameters with H₂S therapy. Application of H₂S also resulted in lower levels of intestinal cytokine production following I/R. Intraperitoneal H₂S therapy can improve mesenteric perfusion, intestinal mucosal injury, and intestinal inflammation following I/R. The benefits of H₂S appear to be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide-dependent pathways.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY H₂S is a gaseous mediator that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent contributing to gastrointestinal mucosal defense. It promotes vascular dilation, mucosal repair, and resolution of inflammation following intestinal ischemia and may be exploited as a novel therapeutic agent. It is unclear whether H₂S works through nitric oxide-dependent pathways in the intestine. We appreciate that H₂S was able to improve postischemic recovery of mesenteric perfusion, mucosal integrity, and inflammation. The beneficial effects of H₂S appear to be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide-dependent pathways.

From: Jensen, A. R., Drucker, N. A., Khaneki, S., Ferkowicz, M. J., Markel, T. A. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G450?rss=1

Deoxyribonuclease partially ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatorenal injury

Several recent studies have shown that liver injury is associated with the release of DNA from hepatocytes. This DNA stimulates innate immunity and induces sterile inflammation, exacerbating liver damage. Similar mechanisms have been described for acute renal injury. Deoxyribonuclease degrades cell-free DNA and can potentially prevent some of the induced tissue damage. This study analyzed the effects of thioacetamide-induced hepatorenal injury on plasma DNA in rats. Plasma DNA of both nuclear and mitochondrial origin was higher in thioacetamide-treated animals. Administration of deoxyribonuclease resulted in a mild, nonsignificant decrease in total plasma DNA and plasma DNA of mitochondrial origin but not of nuclear origin. This was accompanied by a decrease in bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen as markers of renal function. In conclusion, the study confirmed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effect of thioacetamide. The associated increase in cell-free DNA seems to be involved in hepatorenal pathogenesis because treatment with deoxyribonuclease resulted in a partial prevention of hepatorenal injury. Further experiments will focus on the effects of long-term treatment with deoxyribonuclease in other clinically more relevant models. Clinical studies should test endogenous deoxyribonuclease activity as a potential risk determinant for kidney or liver failure.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Thioacetamide-induced hepatorenal injury resulted in higher plasma cell-free DNA. Deoxyribonuclease decreased average cell-free DNA of mitochondrial origin but not nuclear origin. Deoxyribonuclease partially prevented hepatorenal injury in rats.

From: Vokalova, L., Laukova, L., Conka, J., Meliskova, V., Borbelyova, V., Babickova, J., Tothova, L., Hodosy, J., Vlkova, B., Celec, P. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G457?rss=1

Corrigendum

From: http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/312/5/G535?rss=1

High-resolution anatomic correlation of cyclic motor patterns in the human colon: Evidence of a rectosigmoid brake

Colonic cyclic motor patterns (CMPs) have been hypothesized to act as a brake to limit rectal filling. However, the spatiotemporal profile of CMPs, including anatomic origins and distributions, remains unclear. This study characterized colonic CMPs using high-resolution (HR) manometry (72 sensors, 1-cm resolution) and their relationship with proximal antegrade propagating events. Nine healthy volunteers were recruited. Recordings were performed over 4 h, with a 700-kcal meal given after 2 h. Propagating events were visually identified and analyzed by pattern, origin, amplitude, extent of propagation, velocity, and duration. Manometric data were normalized using anatomic landmarks identified on abdominal radiographs. These were mapped over a three-dimensional anatomic model. CMPs comprised a majority of detected propagating events. Most occurred postprandially and were retrograde propagating events (84.9 ± 26.0 retrograde vs. 14.3 ± 11.8 antegrade events/2 h, P = 0.004). The dominant sites of initiation for retrograde CMPs were in the rectosigmoid region, with patterns proximally propagating by a mean distance of 12.4 ± 0.3 cm. There were significant differences in the characteristics of CMPs depending on the direction of travel and site of initiation. Association analysis showed that proximal antegrade propagating events occurred independently of CMPs. This study accurately characterized CMPs with anatomic correlation. CMPs were unlikely to be triggered by proximal antegrade propagating events in our study context. However, the distal origin and prominence of retrograde CMPs could still act as a mechanism to limit rectal filling and support the theory of a "rectosigmoid brake."

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Retrograde cyclic motor patterns (CMPs) are the dominant motor patterns in a healthy prepared human colon. The major sites of initiation are in the rectosigmoid region, with retrograde propagation, supporting the idea of a "rectosigmoid brake." A significant increase in the number of CMPs is seen after a meal. In our study context, the majority of CMPs occurred independent of proximal propagating events, suggesting that CMPs are primarily controlled by external innervation.

From: Lin, A. Y., Du, P., Dinning, P. G., Arkwright, J. W., Kamp, J. P., Cheng, L. K., Bissett, I. P., O'Grady, G. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G508?rss=1

The effect of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone administration on esophageal sensitivity and motility in health

Esophageal hypersensitivity is important in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients who are refractory to acid-suppressive therapy. Stress affects visceral sensitivity and exacerbates heartburn in GERD. Peripheral CRH is a key mediator of the gut stress response. We hypothesize that CRH increases esophageal sensitivity and alters esophageal motility in health. Esophageal sensitivity to thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli was assessed in 14 healthy subjects after administration of placebo or CRH (100 μg iv). Perception scores were assessed for first perception, pain perception threshold (PPT), and pain tolerance threshold (PTT). Esophageal motility was investigated by high-resolution impedance manometry, before and after CRH and evaluated by distal contractile integral (DCI) and intrabolus pressure (IBP). Pressure flow analysis assessed bolus clearance (impedance ratio), degree of pressurization needed to propel bolus onward (IBP slope), and pressure flow (pressure flow index, PFI). Stress and mood were assessed during the study. Sensitivity to mechanical distention was increased after CRH compared with placebo (PPT: P = 0.0023; PTT: P = 0.0253). CRH had no influence on the other stimulations. DCI was increased for all boluses (liquid, P = 0.0012; semisolid, P = 0.0017; solid, P = 0.0107). Impedance ratio for liquid (P < 0.0001) and semisolid swallows (P = 0.0327) decreased after CRH. IBP slope increased after CRH for semisolid (P = 0.0041) and solid (P = 0.0003) swallows. PFI increased for semisolid (P = 0.0017) and solid swallows (P = 0.0031). CRH increased esophageal sensitivity to mechanical distention, not to the other stimulation modalities. CRH increased esophageal contractility and tone, decreased LES relaxation, increased esophageal bolus pressurization, improved esophageal bolus clearance, and increased pressure flow.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to address the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on esophageal sensitivity and alterations in motility in health. CRH administration increased esophageal sensitivity to mechanical distention. This effect is accompanied by an increase in esophageal contractility and tone and a decrease in lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. CRH increased esophageal bolus pressurization, improved esophageal bolus clearance, and increased pressure flow. The changes in esophageal contractile properties may underlie the increased sensitivity to mechanical distention after CRH.

From: Broers, C., Melchior, C., Van Oudenhove, L., Vanuytsel, T., Van Houtte, B., Scheerens, C., Rommel, N., Tack, J., Pauwels, A. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G526?rss=1

Pharyngeal peristaltic pressure variability, operational range, and functional reserve

The present understanding of pharyngeal motor function remains incomplete. Among the remaining gaps of knowledge in this regard is the magnitude of variability of pharyngeal peristaltic pressure amplitude. Although variability can pose difficulty in interpretation of manometric findings, its magnitude can inform the operational range and reserve of the pharyngeal contractile function. We aimed to define the intra- and intersubject and intersession variability of select pharyngeal manometric parameters and, using this information, determine the number of swallow repetitions for acquiring reliable pharyngeal manometric data. We recorded pharyngeal peristalsis in 10 healthy subjects (age: 50 ± 25 yr, 5 women) by high-resolution manometry during two separate sessions of 20 sequences of 0.5-ml water swallows. Two-way ANOVA showed significant variation in the mean peak peristaltic pressure value across sites (P < 0.0001) as well as within the data at each site (P < 0.0001). Similarly, the pharyngeal contractile integral exhibited significant inter- (P = 0.003) and intrasubject (P < 0.001) variability. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed mixed results, in that some sites showed normally distributed data, whereas others did not. A robust Monte Carlo simulation showed that the nominal sample size was different for various tested metrics. For a power of 0.8, commonly accepted as an adequate threshold for acceptable statistical power, the optimal sample size for various peristaltic parameters ranged between 3 and 15. There is significant intra- and intersubject variability in site-specific and integrated parameters of pharyngeal peristalsis. The observed variance indicates a significant operational range and reserve in pharyngeal contractile function while necessitating parameter-specific sample size for reliable results.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intra- and intersubject variability are significant and different at various sites within the contractile pharynx. In addition, significant swallow-to-swallow and subject-to-subject variability exists in pharyngeal contractile integral. The range of intrasubject variability indicates the existence of broad operational range and reserve. Lastly, our variability studies informed Monte Carlo and power analyses, yielding estimates of sample size that would ensure accurate representation of pressure metric variability.

From: Kern, M. K., Balasubramanian, G., Sanvanson, P., Agrawal, D., Wuerl, A., Shaker, R. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G516?rss=1

Prebiotic milk oligosaccharides prevent development of obese phenotype, impairment of gut permeability, and microbial dysbiosis in high fat-fed mice

Microbial dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability are targets for prevention or reversal of weight gain in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity (DIO). Prebiotic milk oligosaccharides (MO) have been shown to benefit the host intestine but have not been used in DIO. We hypothesized that supplementation with bovine MO would prevent the deleterious effect of HF diet on the gut microbiota and intestinal permeability and attenuate development of the obese phenotype. C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet, HF (40% fat/kcal), or HF + prebiotic [6%/kg bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) or inulin] for 1, 3, or 6 wk. Gut microbiota and intestinal permeability were assessed in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Addition of BMO to the HF diet significantly attenuated weight gain, decreased adiposity, and decreased caloric intake; inulin supplementation also lowered weight gain and adiposity, but this did not reach significance. BMO and inulin completely abolished the HF diet-induced increase in paracellular and transcellular permeability in the small and large intestine. Both BMO and inulin increased abundance of beneficial microbes Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the ileum. However, inulin supplementation altered phylogenetic diversity and decreased species richness. We conclude that addition of BMO to the HF diet completely prevented increases in intestinal permeability and microbial dysbiosis and was partially effective to prevent weight gain in DIO.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first report of the effects of prebiotic bovine milk oligosaccharides on the host phenotype of high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

From: Hamilton, M. K., Ronveaux, C. C., Rust, B. M., Newman, J. W., Hawley, M., Barile, D., Mills, D. A., Raybould, H. E. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G474?rss=1

The influence of rosuvastatin on the gastrointestinal microbiota and host gene expression profiles

Statins are the most widely prescribed medications worldwide for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. They inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-R), an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis in higher organisms and in isoprenoid biosynthesis in some bacteria. We hypothesized that statins may influence the microbial community in the gut through either direct inhibition or indirect mechanisms involving alterations to host responses. We therefore examined the impact of rosuvastatin (RSV) on the community structure of the murine gastrointestinal microbiota. RSV was orally administered to mice and the effects on the gut microbiota, host bile acid profiles, and markers of inflammation were analyzed. RSV significantly influenced the microbial community in both the cecum and feces, causing a significant decrease in α-diversity in the cecum and resulting in a reduction of several physiologically relevant bacterial groups. RSV treatment of mice significantly affected bile acid metabolism and impacted expression of inflammatory markers known to influence microbial community structure (including RegIII and Camp) in the gut. This study suggests that a commonly used statin (RSV) leads to an altered gut microbial composition in normal mice with attendant impacts on local gene expression profiles, a finding that should prompt further studies to investigate the implications of statins for gut microbiota stability and health in humans.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work demonstrates that rosuvastatin administration in mice affects the gastrointestinal microbiota, influences bile acid metabolism, and alters transcription of genes encoding factors involved in gut homeostasis and immunity in the gastrointestinal tract.

From: Nolan, J. A., Skuse, P., Govindarajan, K., Patterson, E., Konstantinidou, N., Casey, P. G., MacSharry, J., Shanahan, F., Stanton, C., Hill, C., Cotter, P. D., Joyce, S. A., Gahan, C. G. M. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5/G488?rss=1

Here's what's actually in the latest House GOP health care bill

Republican leaders are confident their bill to repeal and replace Obamacare will pass Thursday – here's a look at what the bill does

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/whats-in-the-latest-house-gop-health-care-bill/

Measles outbreak in Minnesota sickens dozens

The outbreak is the latest example of a tight-knit community in which the highly contagious disease has gained a foothold

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/measles-outbreak-minnesota-sickens-dozens/

Many at high risk still ignore heart health advice

"Many people exist in a state of denial," one heart expert says – but "it's never too late to make a change"

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-risk-for-heart-attack-diet-exercise-health-habits/

Dental phobia can have serious consequences

Avoiding the dentist's office can damage more than your teeth, a new study finds

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dentist-phobia-can-have-serious-consequences/

Secret to brain success: Intelligent cognitive rest

Follow me on Twitter @srinipillay

Many people do focused brain exercises to help develop their thinking. Some of these exercises work, while others do not. Regardless, the focus network in the brain is not the only network that needs training. The “unfocus” network needs training too.

The “unfocus network” (or default mode network)

Called the default mode network (DMN), we used to think of the unfocus network as the Do Mostly Nothing network. And this network uses more energy than any other network in the brain, consuming 20% of the body’s energy while at rest. In fact, effort requires just 5% more energy. As you can imagine, this network is doing anything but “resting” even though it operates largely under the conscious radar. Instead, when you turn your “focus” brain off, it will retrieve memories, link ideas so that you become more creative, and also help you feel more self-connected too. Somewhat surprisingly, although the DMN is involved in representing and understanding your self, it also helps you read the minds of others. No wonder then, with all these functions on board, this network metaphorically converts your brain into a crystal ball, allowing you to predict things more accurately too. This is the kind of sharpness that you will develop if you train the DMN.

There are many ways to activate the DMN. Below are some that will give you a good start.

Surprising ways to train the default mode network

Some simple interventions could help you engage this network, depending on your goal.

Napping: If, for example, you are dog tired in the midafternoon, and just need your mind to be clear, a 10-minute nap might be all you need for sharper thinking. But if you have a major creative project ahead of you, whether it is an innovative idea at work, or redecorating your house, you will need at least 90-minutes of napping time. This gives your brain enough time to shuttle around ideas to make the associations that it needs to make.

Positive constructive daydreaming (PCD): It’s hard to imagine daydreaming as a type of training, but it is. It has to be the right type of daydreaming. According to Jerome Singer, who has studied this for decades, slipping into a daydream is not of much use; neither is guiltily rehashing everything that makes you feel bad — like the expense you incurred when you bought the shoes you liked, or the one-too-many drinks that you had at a party. But there is a type of daydreaming that will make you more creative and likely re-energize your brain. Called positive constructive daydreaming (PCD), it is best done while you are engaged in a low-key activity, not when you are fading. And as opposed to slipping into a daydream, which is more like falling off a cliff, you must parachute into the recesses of your mind with a playful and wishful image — perhaps one of you lying on a yacht or floating on your back in a pool on vacation. Then comes the swivel of attention — from looking outside, to wandering inside. With this move, you engage your unfocus brain and all the riches that it can bring.

Physical exercise and free-walking: In the brain, thinking supports movement, and movement supports thinking. In fact, exercise improves your DMN function. It normalizes it in obese people (who have too much of it) and increases connectivity in young healthy people. Even a single session can make a difference. Aerobic exercise can help prevent atrophy of key regions within the DMN, and also help the connectivity between different regions too.

Walking does boost creative thinking, but how you walk maters. One year of walking boosts the connections between the different parts of the DMN too. In 2012, psychology professor Angela K. Leung and her colleagues tested three groups of people. One group walked around in rectangles while completing a mental test; one group walked around freely; and the last group sat down while taking the test. The free-walking group outperformed the other two groups. Other studies have shown that free-walking results in improvements in fluency, flexibility, and originality of thinking. So if you want to boost your creativity, go on a meandering hike on a safe path less traveled. Furthermore, walking outdoors may be even more beneficial than puttering around the house (unless you’re using PCD, of course!)

Why you should focus on unfocus

We now know that focus is important in improving how we think, but for optimal brain training, we need both focus and unfocus. So, build unfocus times into your day. Ensure that you’re not in one continuous slog. Your brain is wired for focus and unfocus to work together, so take advantage of both types of intelligence when thinking of training your complex but delightful brain.

You can learn more about the benefits of unfocus and how you can build it into your day, in Dr. Pillay’s new book Tinker, Dabble, Doodle, Try.

The post Secret to brain success: Intelligent cognitive rest appeared first on Harvard Health Blog.

From: Srini Pillay, MD http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/secret-to-brain-success-intelligent-cognitive-rest-2017050411705

ADA member reaches out to Uganda Dental Association

It was the ADA delegate and former member of the Council on Dental Practice's fifth trip to the African nation, where she teaches about caries management by risk assessment and educates expectant mothers on the importance of oral care for their children.

From: http://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2017-archive/may/ada-member-reaches-out-to-uganda-dental-association

Watch live: House Republicans confident health care bill will pass

The path in the Senate, however, is uncertain even though they could use reconciliation allowing for a simple majority vote

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-republicans-confident-new-health-care-bill-will-pass/

House to vote on GOP's American Health Care Act today

CBS News' Nancy Cordes reports on the upcoming House vote on the American Health Care Act.

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/house-to-vote-on-gops-american-health-care-act-today/

"Gray death" is the latest opioid drug threat

The mix of several powerful opioids is "one of the scariest combinations that I have ever seen in nearly 20 years," said one expert

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gray-death-opioid-dangerous-drug-combination/

How to watch the health care vote in Congress

The House votes on the GOP plan to replace Obamacare today, over a month after Republicans' first failed attempt to pass the bill

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/house-vote-on-the-new-health-care-bill-how-to-watch/

Walking vs. Running -- Which Is Better?

What to consider when making a cardio choice

From: http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/news/20170504/walking-vs-running----which-is-better?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Teen Suicide Thoughts Double in a Decade

New U.S. study coincides with concern around issue after Netflix releases '13 Reasons Why'

From: http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20170504/teen-suicide-thoughts-self-harm-cases-double-in-a-decade?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Why Parents Should Be Wary of '13 Reasons Why'

Netflix series is too explicit in depicting teen suicide while leaving out key elements, mental health experts warn

From: http://www.webmd.com/parenting/news/20170504/reasons-why-parents-should-be-wary-of-13-reasons-why?src=RSS_PUBLIC

ВОЗ: Самостоятельный тест на ВИЧ – Вопросы и ответы

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwHGs9W337c

International Volunteer Certificate applications due July 1

ADA members and student members who have volunteered in developing countries to improve the oral and overall health of individuals are eligible to receive a token of appreciation from the Association.

From: http://www.ada.org/en/publications/ada-news/2017-archive/may/international-volunteer-certificate-applications-due-july-1

Arthritis Drug Promising for Ulcerative Colitis

But treatment isn't yet approved by FDA to treat inflammatory bowel condition

From: http://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/news/20170503/arthritis-drug-shows-promise-for-ulcerative-colitis?src=RSS_PUBLIC

American Airlines employees say uniforms are making them sick

More than 3,000 flight attendants and about 200 pilots from American Airlines have filed reports complaining that their new uniforms have caused rashes, hives and breathing problems. Kris Van Cleave reports.

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/american-airlines-employees-say-uniforms-are-making-them-sick/

Are American Airlines' uniforms making employees sick?

Thousands have filed complaints and testing for chemical levels has been inconclusive

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/american-airlines-uniforms-employees-sick/

House GOP leaders confident Obamacare repeal will pass in Thursday vote

Mr. Trump and his congressional allies agreed to add billions of dollars in funding to their health care bill. The change has persuaded some Republican moderates to shift from no to yes citing the added money will protect patients with pre-existing conditions. Nancy Cordes reports.

From: http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/house-gop-leaders-confident-obamacare-repeal-will-pass-in-thursday-vote/

The 411 on frozen fruits and vegetables

From: Mayo Clinic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJC79luXeyM

WHO: World No Tobacco Day 2017 - Tobacco: a threat to development

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9xqy6g8SIw

OMS : Día Mundial Sin Tabaco 2017 – El tabaco: una amenaza para el desarrollo

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_Bp9stPXVA

WHO: A 5 May 2017 advocacy message from WHO

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LO8nlHo6SPE

OMS : Journée mondiale sans tabac 2017 – Le tabac: une menace pour le développement

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD2XdEso7ig

House to Vote Thursday on Amended Bill to Repeal and Replace Obamacare

Republicans say they have votes for passage, but Democrats, medical groups say proposal would harm the sick

From: http://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/news/20170503/house-to-vote-thursday-on-amended-bill-to-repeal-and-replace-obamacare?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Too Many People Still Ignore Heart Attack Risks

Stenting is easy; changing patient behaviors is hard, cardiologist says

From: http://www.webmd.com/heart/news/20170503/too-many-people-still-ignore-heart-attack-risks-study?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Gene Mutation May Speed Alzheimer's Decline

If beta-amyloid plaques are present in the brain, process is even faster, study finds

From: http://www.webmd.com/alzheimers/news/20170503/gene-mutation-may-speed-alzheimers-decline?src=RSS_PUBLIC

Opioid-Addicted Babies May Struggle With Learning

They're more likely to have disabilities and developmental delays, researchers say

From: http://www.webmd.com/children/news/20170503/babies-born-addicted-to-opioids-often-struggle-with-learning?src=RSS_PUBLIC

WHO: Chemical weapons Q&A - Questions and Answers

From: World Health Organization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E46FqA5FZpU

WHO to begin pilot prequalification of biosimilars for cancer treatment

his year WHO will launch a pilot project for prequalifying biosimilar medicines, a step towards making some of the most expensive treatments for cancer more widely available in low- and middle-income countries.

From: http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/news/releases/2017/pilot-prequalification-biosimilars/en/index.html